Article last updated: October 15, 2024
Maleic Acid, also known as 2-Butenedioic acid (2Z)-, is a dicarboxylic acid that is commonly used in the cosmetic industry for its buffering properties. This ingredient is derived from maleic anhydride, which is typically produced through the oxidation of benzene or butane. Chemically, Maleic Acid is characterized by its double-bonded carbon atoms and two carboxyl groups, making it highly reactive and versatile in various formulations.
The history of Maleic Acid in cosmetics dates back several decades. Initially, it was primarily used in industrial applications such as the production of resins and coatings. However, its unique chemical properties soon caught the attention of cosmetic chemists. They discovered that Maleic Acid could effectively stabilize the pH levels of cosmetic products, ensuring that they remain safe and effective over time. This led to its adoption in a wide range of skincare and haircare products.
The production of Maleic Acid involves a chemical process known as catalytic oxidation. In this process, benzene or butane is exposed to a catalyst, usually vanadium pentoxide, at high temperatures. This reaction produces maleic anhydride, which is then hydrolyzed to form Maleic Acid. The resulting compound is purified and refined to meet the stringent quality standards required for cosmetic use.
In this section, we will delve into the officially recognized cosmetic benefits and uses of Maleic Acid:
Maleic Acid serves as a buffering agent in cosmetic formulations. This means it helps maintain the pH balance of a product, ensuring it stays within a specific range. Why is this important? Well, the pH level of a cosmetic product can significantly impact its effectiveness and safety. If a product is too acidic or too alkaline, it can irritate your skin or render the active ingredients ineffective. By acting as a buffering agent, Maleic Acid helps stabilize the pH, making the product more reliable and skin-friendly.
Note: the listed benefits above are exclusively based on the officially recognized and defined functions of the ingredient, as documented by the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients (INCI).
Maleic Acid, while generally considered safe for use in cosmetic products, does come with some considerations regarding its safety, suitability, and allergenic potential.
Regarding individuals who are pregnant or breastfeeding, data and research on the topical usage of Maleic Acid during pregnancy are lacking. Therefore, it is advisable for these individuals to consult a healthcare professional for further advice before using products containing this ingredient.
Side effects and adverse reactions from Maleic Acid are relatively uncommon, but it is always prudent to conduct a patch test before widespread usage to ensure personal tolerance.
Maleic Acid has a comedogenic rating of 1, which means it has a low likelihood of clogging pores. This makes it generally suitable for people prone to acne, blemishes, or breakouts, although individual reactions can vary.
